Platform companies like Airbnb, eBay and Uber are disrupting the economy. Collectively known as the gig economy, or the sharing economy, these companies act as mediators between buyers and sellers: “Platform companies are a new form of organization that act as both companies and marketplaces and create a new kind of space in which collective action is taken,” explains Dane Pflueger, co-author of a 2017 study into the implications of this recent phenomenon for accounting.

According to that study, accounting in platform companies differs in three significant ways from its traditional forms:

1. It connects rather than directly controls its users.
2. It generates rather than verifies facts
3. It exercises a new form of power through a system of rules (or protocol). The researchers term this new form of accounting as “evaluative infrastructure.”

Accounting is more than a tool 

Pflueger, Kornberger, and Mouritsen wanted to see how platform companies achieve the classical functions of accounting: communication, coordination, and control. “In general, accounting is seen as a tool – it is like a hammer, something that is needed to achieve a task,” Pflueger explains. “However, with developments in technology, accounting is extending beyond and between organizations and has become a form of infrastructure.” The research team decided to explore this idea of accounting as infrastructure as fully as possible and delved into the literature of other disciplines to find out how the likes of geographers and anthropologists describe infrastructure. This led them to develop the concept of evaluative infrastructure to describe the accounting practices that enable platform organization. 

Accounting in companies that are also marketplaces 

“The use of many interactive devices such as rankings, ratings, reviews, and audits to establish orders of worth, makes them evaluative, and in providing the mechanisms for exchange on platforms and the flow of economic activity, they are infrastructures,” Pflueger explains. These companies face a common challenge: they need to coordinate production, assure quality and maintain consistency of standards without having any formal control over the objects produced or the producers themselves. To understand how evaluative infrastructure enables platforms to overcome these challenges, Pflueger and co-workers needed a case study.

eBay’s accounting as evaluative infrastructure reveals three key traits 

“Getting information about platform organizations’ evaluation systems is not an easy task as the way it works and is used is often a carefully guarded secret,” Pflueger explains. “However, we did manage to assemble enough public information about eBay from its own publications as well as great investigative journalism and the discussion boards of its users to understand the development of its evaluation system.” 

Looking at the development of eBay’s evaluative infrastructure, the research team found that it operates very differently from the traditional forms of accounting found in either companies or marketplaces. They identify the following three key traits of eBay’s “accounting as evaluative infrastructure”:

Relational: It is a “contextualizing machine”: it links events, actions, behaviors, and clicks (left intentionally or unintentionally) in ways that allow for personalization and matching.

Disclosing: It does not impose a pre-existing view of what performance, reputation, quality, and so on is. Instead, it looks for data points that can be put together to generate something stable enough to generate more clicks and transactions on the site, as traffic becomes a new kind of digital capital, like money or education.

Protocol as new form of power: Control is decentralized but power is centralized through protocol: “The platform owner has extraordinary power not because it has control over individual transactions but via the standardized terms through which all transactions flow, that is, through protocol.”

The idea that accounting can serve as a form of infrastructure for the pathways and power flows that enable platform companies to exist and flourish is a completely new way of thinking. “Overall, eBay has a huge amount of power. It can change its terms of use and kick people off the site, based on its constituted protocol. But, it is a power that exists by virtue of distributing control to its millions of users,” Pflueger concludes. “Platforms have power, not because they tell us what to do, but because they own the protocol. This means that platforms have the most power over our lives when they are the least visible to us - when we think we are in the drivers’ seat.” 

Based on an interview with Dane Pflueger on his paper “Evaluative infrastructures: Accounting for platform organization,” coauthored with Martin Kornberger and Jan Mouritsen (Accounting, Organizations and Society, 2017).